There are many ways to install packages in Ubuntu. I will try to list the most used methods, giving links to detailed explanations for each one.

Installing packages with an internet connection

1. Installing packages via your web browser

The APT protocol (or apturl) is a very simple way to install a software package from a web browser.

2. Installing packages via a basic graphical method

Ubuntu Software Center is a one-stop shop for installing and removing software on your computer.

3. Installing packages via an advanced graphical method

Synaptic is a graphical front-end to apt, the package management system in Ubuntu.

4. Installing packages via text based methods

• 
  Aptitude - the text-based method


• 
  apt-get - the technical method

Installing packages without an internet connection

1. Using Keryx

Keryx is a portable, cross-platform package manager that provides a graphical interface for gathering updates, packages, and dependencies for offline computers.

2. Using the Synaptic package download script

Synaptic package manager has built-in feature to generate a package download script.

3. Using apt-offline

apt-offline is an offline text based apt package manager.

4. Installing downloaded packages

• 
  .deb packages (here fits the part from the question relating to the installation of Google Chrome)


• .tar.gz and .tar.bz2 packages


• .rpm packages

Source: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/InstallingSoftware

How to install Ubuntu software when you're a (future) ex-Windows user!

16.04 and higher: Ubuntu Software Center has been renamed to Ubuntu Software

(Everything else remains the same)

The most important thing is to remember that some day you'll have to remove this piece of software that you're going to install, so always use a removal method identical to your installation method.

Therefore, use the following priority for installing software on Ubuntu:

1. Forget about what you know about downloading and installing from websites all over the place and use the following priority list on how to install software under Ubuntu because you now have (and want to keep) a stable system.


2. 
   

   For beginning users: first 3 months, up to a year of using Ubuntu
   
   Install/remove from the standard Ubuntu repositories using the GUI of the Ubuntu Software (Center).

   
   
   

   As per below screen shot, click the dash in the upper left corner, type software, click the Ubuntu Software(Center).
   

   
   
   

   

   
   
   

   The Ubuntu Software (Center) opens:

   
   
   

   

   
   
   

   and you have a ton of application categories on the left to choose from. Or type the name of the software in the search box in the top right corner (which is what we'll be using)

   
   
   

   

   
   
   

   I'm as amazed as you, but there is indeed crap software for Ubuntu, :-) so just click the crap you want, click on "Install", wait a bit and done!

   
   
   

   To remove software using this method, click on the "installed" button on the second screen shot, click the crap you want to uninstall and click the "Uninstall" button! Easy-peasy.

   
   
   

   And if the software is not there, don't go downloading it from somewhere else and install it using some of the more advanced features below! You're a beginner!

   
   


3. 
   

   (Intermediate users, 6 months-1 year of experience)
   
   Use the TUI of aptitude
   
   Press Ctrl+Alt+T to go to a terminal and type:

   
   
   

   sudo aptitude
   
   

   
   
   

   and press Enter

   
   
   

   If you get aptitude: command not found, type:

   
   
   

   sudo apt install aptitude
   
   

   
   
   

   to install aptitude and wait until nothing moves any more and then type:

   
   
   

   sudo aptitude
   
   

   
   
   

   to start it.

   
   
   

   

   
   
   

   This is still kind of familiar: you can use the mouse, but it's like you're back in the 90's before the Internet was invented. And now comes the first hurdle: RTFM for aptitude!

   
   
   

   This is important! aptitude can let you do more advanced things, but is a back-stabbing servant!

   
   


4. 
   

   Now on to more advanced stuff: (Use only when directed by knowledgeable people on this site having >5000 reputation + at least one gold badge)

   
   
   

   Press Ctrl+Alt+T and type:

   
   
   
   
   
   • 
     apt install szPackageName to install
   
   
   • 
     apt purge szPackageName to completely remove
   
   
   • 
     apt remove szPackageName to remove the application, keeping its configuration files. (meaning: you might want to reinstall this sometime later and you just spent a few hours configuring the damn thing and don't want to lose the config!)
   
   
   
   


5. 
   

   Really advanced stuff: (Use only when directed by immortals, that is: knowledgeable people on this site having >10000 reputation + several gold badges)

   
   
   

   a. Download and install a .deb file: use dpkg --install szPackageName and dpkg --purge szPackageName and dpkg --remove szPackageName to install, completely remove and remove without config files.

   
   
   

   b. Install a PPA: clearly follow instructions. if anything goes wrong, copy-paste the error, ask a question on this site, insert a link to the question and answer you were following and report back to the immortal! ;-)

   
   


6. 
   

   'Just download and build from source!!!'

   
   
   

   Probably a developer telling you this and he knows nothing about installing and maintaining a stable system without any problems, but has the coolest stuff on the planet!
   
   Depending on your point of view to be embraced with love or to be avoided like the plague.

   
   
   

   So if you do download and build from source, use CheckInstall instead of make install to be able to remove this software more easily in the future, like in this example regardless of what the developer says!

   
   

Installing from Ubuntu Software

You can install applications from the Ubuntu Software application present in your launcher:

Here you can search for applications which are present in Ubuntu's repository.

Installing from terminal

Sometimes it is easy to install a software directly from the terminal. You can do so by typing in terminal:

sudo apt install <package name>

ex, Firewalll:

sudo apt install gufw

If anything goes wrong, you can fix most of them by installing their dependencies as

sudo apt install -f

Installing from PPA

If a software isn't present in Ubuntu software or is an older version than the latest official release, you can add a PPA (a software repository) and install software from there. You can add a PPA in your Ubuntu by typing this in terminal:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:<PPA NAME>

sudo apt update

sudo apt install <package name>

Installing DEB files

There are some software (such as Google Chrome) which are present as an executable .deb from their website:

You can download their executable DEB files and run them by double clicking or through terminal by typing:

sudo dpkg -i <file name>.deb

sudo apt install -f

Some applications (such as netbeans) does not come as DEB file, but as a .sh file. You can run them in terminal by typing:

chmod +x <file name>

sudo sh <file name> # or

sudo ./<file name>

Snaps

A new type of software packaging called "Snaps" is also present which is a collection of the software and its dependencies in a single file. It is a single, distro independent setup for installing a software. Many software such as VLC, Blender etc are present as a Snap package. You can find them in the Ubuntu software.

Yes, there is an alternative for Windows .exe or .msi files in Ubuntu; that is .deb files. Double clicking on such a file will run the installer.

Installing from a CD

First ensure that the CD does contain the applications; sometimes it just brings some info about the apps and a link you can follow to do the installation through the Software Center.

If the applications are, in fact, on the the CD, then search in the CD folders to find the applications as .deb or .bin or .tar or .sh files.

If it's a .deb file

Just double click on it and Software Center will install it for you.

You can also install them using a command line method.

If it's a .bin file

Rename it to .bin32 or .bin64 depending your architecture. You can find that information by running

dpkg --print-architecture

Go to properties and permit the file to run as a program, then just double click on it and you will open the installer.

If it's a .tar file

Double click on it and extract everything to a folder of your desire, into this folder you may find an icon with the program name, just double click on it to start the program.

If it's a .sh file

Go to properties and permit it to run as a program, and then double click on it to start the installer.

Note: This was written for a more specific question, but it covers techniques that apply here too.

If I am not mistaken, the chip magazine only offers installers for Windows. You should be able to run these with software called "WINE".

A better way would be to download the *.deb files (or the source code) from the homepages of these programs (if they offer support for Ubuntu) through a friend's PC with a better connection to the internet and to install (or compile) them on your PC.

But: chip mainly offers software to tweak you system, you don't need that on Ubuntu ;)

And: the software-center is the 'best' way to get software for Ubuntu (I think). So, if it is a matter of time (and not money) I would prefer getting a cup of tea/coffee over the other methods, because this way you will be able to easily update the software.

I'll give you the best methods, starting from the simplest.

1. 
   SIMPLEST: Open the Ubuntu software Center. The fastest way to do this is by hitting start key and typing "Software..." till it pops up. This is a complete store. You'll find everything here.


2. 
   GEEKY: Ubuntu has by default something called APT. To install any package, just open a terminal (Ctrl + Alt + T) and type sudo apt-get install <package name>. For instance, to get Chrome type sudo apt-get install chromium-browser.


3. 
   SYNAPTIC: Synaptic is a graphical package management program for apt. It provides the same features as the apt-get command line utility with a GUI front-end based on Gtk+.


4. 
   KERYX: Keryx allows users to select packages to install, check for updates, and download these packages onto a USB portable storage device. The packages are saved onto the device and are then taken back to the Linux box that it originated from and are then installed. This is basically an offline tool to install packages.

1. Muon as Synaptic replacement

As we already know modern Synaptic is buggy, it often and ineffective rebuilds search index (see bug 1685376 and discussion on community.ubuntu.com).

So I suggest to use great tool from KDE - Muon.

Below is quote from package description:

Features of note include:

* A powerful, yet intuitive interface

* Fast, accurate package search using the apt-xapian index and the Synaptic search algorithm

* Support for filtering packages by status and category

* Media change support

* Support for configuring packages through the debconf system

* Warn about/disallow the installation of untrusted packages, depending on APT settings

* Uses Polkit for running privileged actions for enhanced security, convenience, and desktop integration

* Power management suspension during package downloads, installations and removals

* Support for download the latest changelog of a package

* Package screenshots

You can install it with sudo apt-get install muon.

It is located in Applications -> System Tools -> Muon Package Manager.

2. GDebi

gdebi lets you install local deb packages resolving and installing

its dependencies. apt does the same, but only for remote (http, ftp)

located packages.

2.1. GUI-way - gdebi-gtk

Single deb-files may be installed from GUI with gdebi-gtk (which is located in gdebi package - install it with sudo apt-get install gdebi).

Standard usage scenario: download some deb-file, open its location in file-manager, do right-click on it and select Open with GDebi Package Installer option for installation.

2.2. console-way - gdebi

GDebi is useful in terminal too, here exists gdebi command (sudo apt-get install gdebi-core).

Standard usage scenario: download some deb-file, go to its folder, install it with dependencies by executing the following command: sudo gdebi program.deb.

3. Search and install software from Y PPA Manager (y-ppa-manager)

Sometimes software is not packaged in official Ubuntu repositories. In this case we need third-party repositories known as PPAs (Personal Software Archives). There are a lot of them on LaunchPad. You can use special page https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+ppas for search.

But it is difficult to find such repository for exact package. In that case special utility - Y PPA Manager may help.

One can install it with

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/y-ppa-manager

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install y-ppa-manager

After installation it will be located in Applications -> System Tools -> Y PPA Manager. The most useful thing is Search in all Launchpad PPAs - you can search packages by name, then add its PPA and install needed package.

But anyway be careful with software, obtained from PPAs. It may trash your system and cause unpredictable behavior of system.

4. Plasma Discover as GUI for Snap, FlatPak and APT

If you are running Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (with any desktop), then you can install Plasma Discover to it and use as GUI for Snap, FlatPak and APT. See this Q&A for details:

sudo apt-get install plasma-discover 

plasma-discover-flatpak-backend plasma-discover-snap-backend 

qml-module-qtquick-controls qml-module-qtquick-dialogs kdelibs5-plugins

and you will get universal GUI:

Open a terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T), then type

sudo apt-get install package-name

where package-name is the name of the package you want to install.

For example, to install VLC Player, which is provided by the vlc package:

sudo apt-get install vlc