Medalha Nacional de Ciências




A Medalha Nacional de Ciências (em inglês: National Medal of Science) é uma condecoração concedida pelo Presidente dos Estados Unidos.




Índice






  • 1 Agraciados[1]


    • 1.1 Ciência do Comportamento e Social


    • 1.2 Ciências Biológicas


    • 1.3 Química


    • 1.4 Ciências da Engenharia


    • 1.5 Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais


    • 1.6 Ciências Físicas




  • 2 Referências


  • 3 Ligações externas





Agraciados[1] |



Ciência do Comportamento e Social |




  • 1964 Neal Elgar Miller

  • 1986 Herbert Simon

  • 1987 Anne Anastasi, George Joseph Stigler

  • 1988 Milton Friedman

  • 1990 Leonid Hurwicz, Patrick Suppes

  • 1991 George A. Miller

  • 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson

  • 1994 Robert Merton

  • 1995 Roger N. Shepard

  • 1996 Paul Samuelson

  • 1997 William K. Estes

  • 1998 William Julius Wilson

  • 1999 Robert Solow

  • 2000 Gary Stanley Becker

  • 2003 R. Duncan Luce

  • 2004 Kenneth Arrow

  • 2005 Gordon H. Bower

  • 2008 Michael Posner

  • 2009 Mortimer Mishkin

  • 2011 Anne Treisman

  • 2012 Robert Axelrod

  • 2014 Albert Bandura




Ciências Biológicas |




  • 1963 Cornelis Bernardus van Niel

  • 1964 Theodosius Dobzhansky, Marshall Nirenberg

  • 1965 Francis Rous, George Gaylord Simpson, Donald Van Slyke

  • 1966 Edward Fred Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann, William Cumming Rose, Sewall Wright

  • 1967 Kenneth Stewart Cole, Harry Harlow, Michael Heidelberger, Alfred Sturtevant

  • 1968 Horace Barker, Bernard Brodie, Detlev Bronk, Jay Laurence Lush, Burrhus Frederic Skinner

  • 1969 Robert Hübner, Ernst Mayr

  • 1970 Barbara McClintock, Albert Sabin

  • 1973 Daniel Arnon, Earl Sutherland

  • 1974 Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James Neel, James Augustine Shannon

  • 1975 Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Brown Hendricks, Orville Vogel

  • 1976 Roger Guillemin, Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker, Edward Osborne Wilson

  • 1979 Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth Caroline Crosby, Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa, Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins, Paul Alfred Weiss

  • 1981 Philip Handler

  • 1982 Seymour Benzer, Glenn W. Burton, Mildred Cohn

  • 1983 Howard Bachrach, Paul Berg, Wendell Lee Roelofs, Berta Scharrer

  • 1986 Stanley Cohen, Donald Henderson, Vernon Mountcastle, George Palade, Joan Steitz

  • 1987 Michael DeBakey, Theodor O. Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Khorana, Rita Levi-Montalcini

  • 1988 Michael Stuart Brown, Stanley Norman Cohen, Joseph Goldstein, Maurice Hilleman, Eric Kandel, Rosalyn Yalow

  • 1989 Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Roger Sperry, Harland Goff Wood

  • 1990 Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert Boyer, Daniel Koshland, Edward Lewis, David G. Nathan, Edward Donnall Thomas

  • 1991 Mary Ellen Avery, George Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Robert Kates, Salvador Luria, Paul A. Marks, Folke K Skoog, Paul C. Zamecnik

  • 1992 Maxine Singer, Howard Martin Temin

  • 1993 Daniel Nathans, Salome G. Waelsch

  • 1994 Thomas Eisner, Elizabeth Neufeld

  • 1995 Alexander Rich

  • 1996 Ruth Patrick

  • 1997 James Watson, Robert A. Weinberg

  • 1998 Bruce Ames, Janet Rowley

  • 1999 David Baltimore, Jared Diamond, Lynn Margulis

  • 2000 Nancy Coover Andreasen, Peter H. Raven, Carl Woese

  • 2001 Francisco José Ayala, George F. Bass, Mario Capecchi, Ann Graybiel, Gene Likens, Victor A. McKusick, Harold Varmus

  • 2002 James E. Darnell, Evelyn M. Witkin

  • 2003 John Michael Bishop, Solomon Halbert Snyder, Charles Yanofsky

  • 2004 Norman Borlaug, Phillip Allen Sharp, Thomas Starzl

  • 2005 Anthony Fauci, Torsten Wiesel

  • 2006 Rita Colwell, Nina Fedoroff, Lubert Stryer

  • 2007 Robert Lefkowitz, Bert William O’Malley

  • 2008 Francis Collins, Elaine Fuchs, Craig Venter

  • 2009 Susan Lindquist, Stanley Prusiner

  • 2010 Ralph Lawrence Brinster, Rudolf Jaenisch

  • 2011 Lucy Shapiro, Leroy Hood, Sallie Chisholm

  • 2012 May Berenbaum, Bruce Alberts

  • 2013 Rakesh Jain

  • 2014 Stanley Falkow, Mary-Claire King, Simon Levin




Química |




  • 1964 Roger Adams

  • 1982 Frank Albert Cotton, Gilbert Stork

  • 1983 Roald Hoffmann, George Claude Pimentel, Richard Zare

  • 1986 Harry Barkus Gray, Yuan Lee, Carl Shipp Marvel, Frank Westheimer

  • 1987 William Summer Johnson, Walter Hugo Stockmayer, Max Tishler

  • 1988 William Oliver Baker, Konrad Bloch, Elias James Corey

  • 1989 Richard Barry Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudolph Arthur Marcus, Harden McConnell

  • 1990 Elkan Blout, Karl August Folkers, John Dombrowski Roberts

  • 1991 Ronald Breslow, Gertrude Elion, Dudley Robert Herschbach, Glenn Theodore Seaborg

  • 1992 Howard Ensign Simmons

  • 1993 Donald James Cram, Norman Hackerman

  • 1994 George Simms Hammond

  • 1995 Thomas Cech, Isabella Karle

  • 1996 Norman Davidson

  • 1997 Darleane Hoffman, Harold Johnston

  • 1998 John Werner Cahn, George Whitesides

  • 1999 Stuart Alan Rice, John Ross, Susan Solomon

  • 2000 John D. Baldeschwieler, Ralph Hirschmann

  • 2001 Ernest Roy Davidson, Gábor Somorjai

  • 2002 John Brauman

  • 2004 Stephen Lippard

  • 2006 Marvin Harry Caruthers, Peter Dervan

  • 2007 Mostafa El-Sayed

  • 2008 Joanna Fowler, JoAnne Stubbe

  • 2009 Stephen James Benkovic, Marye Anne Fox

  • 2010 Jacqueline Barton, Peter John Stang

  • 2011 Allen Joseph Bard, M. Frederick Hawthorne

  • 2012 Judith Klinman, Jerrold Meinwald

  • 2013 Geraldine Richmond

  • 2014 Paul Alivisatos




Ciências da Engenharia |




  • 1962 Theodore von Kármán

  • 1963 Vannevar Bush, John Robinson Pierce

  • 1964 Othmar Ammann, Charles Stark Draper

  • 1965 Hugh Latimer Dryden, Clarence Johnson, Warren Lewis

  • 1966 Claude Shannon

  • 1967 Edwin Land, Igor Sikorsky

  • 1968 John Presper Eckert, Nathan M. Newmark

  • 1969 Jack Kilby

  • 1970 George Mueller

  • 1973 Harold Eugene Edgerton, Richard Whitcomb

  • 1974 Rudolf Kompfner, Ralph Brazelton Peck, Abel Wolman

  • 1975 Manson Benedict, William Hayward Pickering, Frederick Terman, Wernher von Braun

  • 1976 Morris Cohen, Peter Carl Goldmark, Erwin Wilhelm Müller

  • 1979 Emmett Leith, Raymond Mindlin, Robert Noyce, Earl Parker, Simon Ramo

  • 1982 Edward Heinemann, Donald Katz

  • 1983 William Hewlett, George Low, John George Trump

  • 1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, Tung-Yen Lin, Bernard Oliver

  • 1987 Robert Byron Bird, Harry Bolton Seed, Ernst Weber

  • 1988 Daniel Drucker, Willis Hawkins, George W. Housner

  • 1989 Harry George Drickamer, Herbert Earl Grier

  • 1990 Mildred Dresselhaus, Nick Holonyak

  • 1991 George Heilmeier, Luna Leopold, Guyford Stever

  • 1992 Calvin Quate, John Roy Whinnery

  • 1993 Alfred Yi Cho

  • 1994 Ray Clough

  • 1995 Hermann Anton Haus

  • 1996 James Flanagan, Chandra Kumar Patel

  • 1998 Eli Ruckenstein

  • 1999 Kenneth N. Stevens

  • 2000 Yuan-Cheng Fung

  • 2001 Andreas Acrivos

  • 2002 Leo Beranek

  • 2003 John Prausnitz

  • 2004 Edwin Lightfoot

  • 2005 Jan Achenbach

  • 2006 Robert Langer

  • 2007 David Wineland

  • 2008 Rudolf Kalman

  • 2009 Amnon Yariv

  • 2010 Shu Chien

  • 2011 John Bannister Goodenough

  • 2012 Thomas Kailath




Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais |




  • 1963 Norbert Wiener

  • 1964 Solomon Lefschetz, Marston Morse

  • 1965 Oscar Zariski

  • 1966 John Milnor

  • 1967 Paul Cohen

  • 1968 Jerzy Neyman

  • 1969 William Feller

  • 1970 Richard Brauer

  • 1973 John Tukey

  • 1974 Kurt Gödel

  • 1975 John Backus, Shiing-Shen Chern, George Dantzig

  • 1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs, Hassler Whitney

  • 1979 Joseph Leo Doob, Donald Knuth

  • 1982 Marshall Harvey Stone

  • 1983 Herman Goldstine, Isadore Singer

  • 1986 Peter Lax, Antoni Zygmund

  • 1987 Raoul Bott, Michael Freedman

  • 1988 Ralph Gomory, Joseph Keller

  • 1989 Samuel Karlin, Saunders Mac Lane, Donald Spencer

  • 1990 George Carrier, Stephen Kleene, John McCarthy

  • 1991 Alberto Calderón

  • 1992 Allen Newell

  • 1993 Martin Kruskal

  • 1994 John Cocke

  • 1995 Louis Nirenberg

  • 1996 Richard Karp, Stephen Smale

  • 1997 Shing-Tung Yau

  • 1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz

  • 1999 Felix Browder, Ronald Coifman

  • 2000 John Griggs Thompson, Karen Uhlenbeck

  • 2001 Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, Elias Stein

  • 2002 James Glimm

  • 2003 Carl de Boor

  • 2004 Dennis Sullivan

  • 2005 Bradley Efron

  • 2006 Hyman Bass

  • 2007 Leonard Kleinrock, Andrew Viterbi

  • 2009 David Mumford

  • 2010 Richard Alfred Tapia, S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan

  • 2011 Solomon Wolf Golomb, Barry Mazur

  • 2012 Alexandre Chorin, David Blackwell

  • 2015 Michael Artin




Ciências Físicas |




  • 1963 Luis Walter Alvarez

  • 1964 Julian Schwinger, Harold Clayton Urey, Robert Burns Woodward

  • 1965 John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Leon Max Lederman, William Walden Rubey

  • 1966 Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, John Hasbrouck Van Vleck, Vladimir Zworykin

  • 1967 Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit, Louis Plack Hammett, George Kistiakowsky

  • 1968 Paul Doughty Bartlett, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager, Eugene Paul Wigner

  • 1969 Herbert Charles Brown, Wolfgang Panofsky

  • 1970 Robert Henry Dicke, Allan Rex Sandage, John Clarke Slater, John Archibald Wheeler, Saul Winstein

  • 1973 Carl Djerassi, William Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz, Robert Rathbun Wilson

  • 1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen, Paul John Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Linus Pauling, Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer

  • 1975 Hans Bethe, Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Hastings Sarett, Edgar Bright Wilson, Chien-Shiung Wu

  • 1976 Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube, George Eugene Uhlenbeck

  • 1979 Richard Feynman, Hermann Mark, Edward Mills Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer, Victor Weisskopf

  • 1982 Philip Warren Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller, Charles Hard Townes

  • 1983 Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines, Bruno Rossi, John Robert Schrieffer

  • 1986 Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter, Chen Ning Yang

  • 1987 Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul Christian Lauterbur, George Pake, James van Allen

  • 1988 David Allan Bromley, Chu Ching-wu, Walter Kohn, Norman Foster Ramsey, Jack Steinberger

  • 1989 Arnold Orville Beckman, Eugene Parker, Robert Sharp, Henry Stommel

  • 1990 Allan Cormack, Edwin Mattison McMillan, Robert Pound, Roger Revelle

  • 1991 Arthur Schawlow, Ed Stone, Steven Weinberg

  • 1992 Eugene Shoemaker

  • 1993 Val Logsdon Fitch, Vera Rubin

  • 1994 Albert Overhauser, Frank Press

  • 1995 Hans Georg Dehmelt, Peter Goldreich

  • 1996 Wallace Smith Broecker

  • 1997 Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild, George Wetherill

  • 1998 Don Lynn Anderson, John Norris Bahcall

  • 1999 James Watson Cronin, Leo Kadanoff

  • 2000 Willis Eugene Lamb, Jeremiah Paul Ostriker, Gilbert Fowler White

  • 2001 Marvin Cohen, Raymond Davis Jr., Charles Keeling

  • 2002 Richard Garwin, William Jason Morgan, Edward Witten

  • 2003 Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi

  • 2004 Robert N. Clayton

  • 2005 Ralph Alpher, Lonnie Thompson

  • 2006 Daniel Kleppner

  • 2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, Charles Pence Slichter

  • 2008 Berni Alder, James Gunn

  • 2009 Yakir Aharonov, Esther Marley Conwell, Warren Washington

  • 2011 Sidney Drell, Sandra Faber, Sylvester James Gates

  • 2012 Burton Richter, Sean Solomon

  • 2014 Shirley Ann Jackson




Referências




  1. ↑ «The President's National Medal of Science: Recipients» (em inglês). National Science Foundation. Consultado em 22 de outubro de 2017. Cópia arquivada em 22 de outubro de 2017 



Ligações externas |


  • Banco de dados com os agraciados com a Medalha Nacional de Ciências








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